{"id":3697,"date":"2021-01-09T03:03:37","date_gmt":"2021-01-08T19:03:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/educationwp.thimpress.com\/thim-2\/?p=3697"},"modified":"2021-11-10T15:05:13","modified_gmt":"2021-11-10T07:05:13","slug":"%e3%80%90%e6%ad%90%e6%b4%b2%e6%ad%b7%e5%8f%b2%e3%80%91%e5%8d%97%e6%96%af%e6%8b%89%e5%a4%ab%e7%9a%84%e7%99%bc%e5%b1%95%e5%8f%b2%e3%80%80%e6%b3%9b%e6%96%af%e6%8b%89%e5%a4%ab%e4%b8%bb%e7%be%a9%e6%98%af","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hafarts.com\/sc\/%e3%80%90%e6%ad%90%e6%b4%b2%e6%ad%b7%e5%8f%b2%e3%80%91%e5%8d%97%e6%96%af%e6%8b%89%e5%a4%ab%e7%9a%84%e7%99%bc%e5%b1%95%e5%8f%b2%e3%80%80%e6%b3%9b%e6%96%af%e6%8b%89%e5%a4%ab%e4%b8%bb%e7%be%a9%e6%98%af\/","title":{"rendered":"\u3010\u6b27\u6d32\u5386\u53f2\u3011\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\u3000\u6cdb\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u6218\u5bfc\u706b\u7ebf"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3697\" class=\"elementor 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https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/\u524d\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u5404\u52a0\u76df\u5171\u548c\u570b\u3002\u79d1\u7d22\u6c83\u548c\u4f0f\u4f0a\u4f0f\u4e01\u90a3\u662f\u585e\u723e\u7dad\u4e9e\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u7701\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09-768x564.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/\u524d\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u5404\u52a0\u76df\u5171\u548c\u570b\u3002\u79d1\u7d22\u6c83\u548c\u4f0f\u4f0a\u4f0f\u4e01\u90a3\u662f\u585e\u723e\u7dad\u4e9e\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u7701\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09-1536x1128.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/\u524d\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u5404\u52a0\u76df\u5171\u548c\u570b\u3002\u79d1\u7d22\u6c83\u548c\u4f0f\u4f0a\u4f0f\u4e01\u90a3\u662f\u585e\u723e\u7dad\u4e9e\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u7701\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/\u524d\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u5404\u52a0\u76df\u5171\u548c\u570b\u3002\u79d1\u7d22\u6c83\u548c\u4f0f\u4f0a\u4f0f\u4e01\u90a3\u662f\u585e\u723e\u7dad\u4e9e\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u7701\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd8a350 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bd8a350\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: 'Microsoft JhengHei'; font-size: 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e78dae7 elementor-arrows-position-inside elementor-pagination-position-outside elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-carousel\" data-id=\"e78dae7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;slides_to_show&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;navigation&quot;:&quot;both&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:5000,&quot;infinite&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;effect&quot;:&quot;slide&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"image-carousel.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.5.2 - 22-12-2021 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image-carousel .swiper-container{position:static}.elementor-widget-image-carousel .swiper-container .swiper-slide figure{line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-image-carousel .swiper-slide{text-align:center}.elementor-image-carousel-wrapper:not(.swiper-container-initialized) .swiper-slide{max-width:calc(100% \/ var(--e-image-carousel-slides-to-show, 3))}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel-wrapper swiper-container\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel swiper-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/\u5df4\u723e\u5e79\u6c11\u65cf\u5206\u5e03\u5716\uff0c\u7d2b\u8272\u70ba\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u4eba\uff08\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff09\uff0c\u9ec3\u8272\u70ba\u585e\u723e\u7dad\u4e9e\u4eba\uff08\u6771\u6b63\u6559\uff09\uff0c\u7da0\u8272\u70ba\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u4eba\uff08\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\uff09\uff0c\u85cd\u7da0\u8272\u70ba\u963f\u723e\u5df4\u5c3c\u4e9e\u4eba\uff08\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\uff09\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09.jpg\" alt=\"\u5df4\u723e\u5e79\u6c11\u65cf\u5206\u5e03\u5716\uff0c\u7d2b\u8272\u70ba\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u4eba\uff08\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff09\uff0c\u9ec3\u8272\u70ba\u585e\u723e\u7dad\u4e9e\u4eba\uff08\u6771\u6b63\u6559\uff09\uff0c\u7da0\u8272\u70ba\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u4eba\uff08\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\uff09\uff0c\u85cd\u7da0\u8272\u70ba\u963f\u723e\u5df4\u5c3c\u4e9e\u4eba\uff08\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\uff09\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/\u7159\u5305\u4e0a\u7684\u4e09\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u8a9e\uff08\u4e0a\uff09\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u8a9e\uff08\u4e2d\uff09\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u585e\u723e\u7dad\u4e9e\u8a9e\uff08\u4e0b\uff09\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u4e0a\u9762\u5169\u7a2e\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u97f3\u8b6f\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-chevron-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">\u4e0a\u4e00\u9875<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-chevron-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">\u4e0b\u4e00\u9875<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a27d2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a27d2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: 'Microsoft JhengHei'; font-size: 16px;\">\u5728\u4e8c\u6230\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u5df4\u723e\u5e79\u5730\u5340\u6c11\u65cf\u5206\u5e03\u662f\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u6559\u7684\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\uff08Ottoman Empire\uff09\u8207\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u541b\u4e3b\u570b\uff08Habsburg Empire\uff09\u3001\u795e\u8056\u7f85\u99ac\u5e1d\u570b\uff08Holy Roman Empire\uff09\u7684\u6df7\u6230\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u3002\u4e2d\u53e4\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u738b\u570b\u57281102\u5e74\u8207\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5408\u4f75\uff0c\u6b64\u5f8c\u518d\u96b8\u5c6c\u65bc\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u541b\u4e3b\u570b\uff1b\u9019\u500b\u806f\u76df\u7dad\u6301\u4e86\u516b\u767e\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u52301918\u5e74\u5967\u5308\u5e1d\u570b\u6230\u6557\u624d\u89e3\u6563\u3002\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u65bc1453\u5e74\u5b9a\u90fd\u4f0a\u65af\u5766\u5821\uff0c\u5176\u66fe\u65bc1389\u5e74\u8207\u585e\u723e\u7dad\u4e9e\u738b\u570b\u65bc\u79d1\u7d22\u6c83\u4ea4\u6230\uff0c\u4e26\u6700\u7d42\u65bc1459\u5e74\u6d88\u6ec5\u585e\u723e\u7dad\u4e9e\u738b\u570b\u3002\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u63a5\u7740\u57281529\u5e74\u548c1683\u5e74\u5169\u6b21\u570d\u653b\u7dad\u4e5f\u7d0d\u4e0d\u4e0b\uff0c\u88ab\u8feb\u9000\u56de\u5308\u7259\u5229\uff0c1699\u5e74\u518d\u9000\u56de\u5230\u5927\u81f4\u662f\u4eca\u5929\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u570b\u754c\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff08\u898b\u4e0b\u5716\uff09\u3002\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u541b\u4e3b\u570b\u5f97\u4ee5\u978f\u56fa\u5176\u5c0d\u4eca\u65e5\u65af\u6d1b\u6587\u5c3c\u4e9e\u8207\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u7684\u7d71\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e26\u628a\u5f9e\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u9003\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u6771\u6b63\u6559\u96e3\u6c11\uff0c\u5b89\u7f6e\u5728\u8207\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u7684\u8ecd\u4e8b\u5316\u908a\u5883\u4e0a\uff1b\u53c8\u4ee5\u6e1b\u8f15\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7a05\u52d9\u8ca0\u64d4\uff0c\u63db\u53d6\u9019\u4e9b\u6771\u6b63\u6559\u6c11\u5354\u52a9\u9632\u52d9\u3002\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\u56e0\u6b64\u958b\u59cb\u5317\u79fb\uff0c\u585e\u723e\u7dad\u4e9e\u4eba\u5927\u91cf\u5b9a\u5c45\u65bc\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u897f\u90e8\u5c71\u5340\u30021718\u5e74\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u6230\u6557\u5f8c\uff0c\u585e\u723e\u7dad\u4e9e\u77ed\u66ab\u53d7\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u541b\u4e3b\u570b\u7d71\u6cbb\uff0c\u5176\u5f8c\u518d\u65bc1739\u5e74\u7531\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u4f54\u9818\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u585e\u65cf\u4eba\u5927\u91cf\u9003\u5165\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u541b\u4e3b\u570b\u5883\u5167\u30021804\u5e74\u548c1815\u5e74\u585e\u723e\u7dad\u4e9e\u5169\u6b21\u8d77\u7fa9\uff0c\u53d6\u5f97\u81ea\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e26\u65bc1878\u5e74\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u8207\u4fc4\u570b\u4ea4\u6230\u6557\u5317\u5f8c\u7372\u5f97\u7368\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffe4930 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ffe4930\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"521\" src=\"https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1699\u5e74\u5361\u6d1b\u7dad\u8328\u689d\u7d04\u5f8c\u5f62\u52e2\uff0c\u5de6\u4e0a\u65b9\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u7586\u754c\u5373\u4eca\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u570b\u5883\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09-1024x834.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1699\u5e74\u5361\u6d1b\u7dad\u8328\u689d\u7d04\u5f8c\u5f62\u52e2\uff0c\u5de6\u4e0a\u65b9\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u7586\u754c\u5373\u4eca\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u570b\u5883\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09-1024x834.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1699\u5e74\u5361\u6d1b\u7dad\u8328\u689d\u7d04\u5f8c\u5f62\u52e2\uff0c\u5de6\u4e0a\u65b9\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u7586\u754c\u5373\u4eca\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u570b\u5883\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09-600x489.jpg 600w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1699\u5e74\u5361\u6d1b\u7dad\u8328\u689d\u7d04\u5f8c\u5f62\u52e2\uff0c\u5de6\u4e0a\u65b9\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u7586\u754c\u5373\u4eca\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u570b\u5883\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09-300x244.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1699\u5e74\u5361\u6d1b\u7dad\u8328\u689d\u7d04\u5f8c\u5f62\u52e2\uff0c\u5de6\u4e0a\u65b9\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u7586\u754c\u5373\u4eca\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u570b\u5883\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09-768x626.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1699\u5e74\u5361\u6d1b\u7dad\u8328\u689d\u7d04\u5f8c\u5f62\u52e2\uff0c\u5de6\u4e0a\u65b9\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u7586\u754c\u5373\u4eca\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u570b\u5883\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09-1536x1251.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1699\u5e74\u5361\u6d1b\u7dad\u8328\u689d\u7d04\u5f8c\u5f62\u52e2\uff0c\u5de6\u4e0a\u65b9\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u7586\u754c\u5373\u4eca\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u570b\u5883\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09-15x12.jpg 15w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/1699\u5e74\u5361\u6d1b\u7dad\u8328\u689d\u7d04\u5f8c\u5f62\u52e2\uff0c\u5de6\u4e0a\u65b9\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u7586\u754c\u5373\u4eca\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u570b\u5883\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4adb095 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4adb095\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft JhengHei&quot;; font-size: 16px;\">1699\u5e74\u5361\u6d1b\u7dad\u8328\u689d\u7d04\u5f8c\u5f62\u52e2\uff0c\u5de6\u4e0a\u65b9\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u7586\u754c\u5373\u4eca\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u570b\u5883\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09<\/p><p style=\"margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Microsoft JhengHei&quot;; font-size: 16px;\">\u4e8c\u6230\u5f8c\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u5728\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u5c45\u4f4f\u7684\u4e2d\u5357\u6b50\u5730\u5340\u6478\u7d22\u65b0\u578b\u570b\u5bb6\u8a8d\u540c\u7684\u653f\u6b0a\u3002\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u541b\u4e3b\u570b\u5973\u7687\u746a\u9e97\u4e9e\u00b7\u6cf0\u745e\u838e\uff08Maria Theresa\uff09\u56e0\u8207\u795e\u8056\u7f85\u99ac\u5e1d\u570b\u7687\u5e1d\u5f17\u6717\u8328\u4e00\u4e16\uff08Francis I\uff09\u806f\u59fb\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53c8\u662f\u795e\u8056\u7f85\u99ac\u5e1d\u570b\u7687\u540e\u3002\u5979\u7684\u9867\u554f\u3001\u8c9d\u591a\u82ac\u7684\u597d\u53cb\u3001\u6cd5\u5b78\u5bb6\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u99ae\u00b7\u7d22\u5357\u8cbb\u723e\u65af\uff08Joseph von Sonnenfels\uff09\u57281771\u5e74\u5efa\u8b70\u70ba\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u541b\u4e3b\u570b\u63d0\u5021\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b0\u611b\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u790e\u4e0d\u662f\u7a2e\u65cf\u6216\u6587\u5316\u3001\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c0d\u5e1d\u570b\u5171\u540c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff08\u5373\u61b2\u5236\uff09\u6548\u5fe0\uff0c\u689d\u4ef6\u662f\u5e1d\u570b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u80fd\u70ba\u5b50\u6c11\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u5b50\u6c11\u5c0d\u5931\u53bb\u9019\u7a2e\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u6050\u61fc\u5c07\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ed6\u5011\u596e\u529b\u634d\u885b\u7956\u570b\u3002\uff08Judson, 2016\uff09\u9019\u70ba\u746a\u9e97\u4e9e\u00b7\u6cf0\u745e\u838e\u4e4b\u5b50\u3001\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u5967\u5730\u5229\u5927\u516c\u548c\u795e\u8056\u7f85\u99ac\u5e1d\u570b\u7687\u5e1d\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u4e8c\u4e16\uff08Joseph II\uff09\u7684\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u4e8c\u4e16\u57281781\u5e74\u5ee2\u9664\u4e86\u8cb4\u65cf\u5c0d\u8fb2\u5974\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u53c8\u9812\u5e03 \u00ab\u5305\u5bb9\u5c08\u4ee4\u00bb\uff08Patent of Toleration\uff09\uff0c\u89e3\u9664\u4e86\u5c0d\u65b0\u6559\u548c\u6771\u6b63\u6559\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8077\u696d\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u521d\u6b65\u5141\u8a31\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e26\u6279\u51c6\u5efa\u7acb\u6559\u5802\uff1b\u7fcc\u5e74\u53c8\u9812\u5e03\u300a\u5305\u5bb9\u6555\u4ee4\u300b\uff08Edict of Tolerance\uff09\uff0c\u89e3\u9664\u5c0d\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u8af8\u591a\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u4e26\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u6700\u591a\u7684\u52a0\u5229\u897f\u4e9e\uff08Galicia\uff09\u5730\u5340\u3002\u4ed6\u4ea6\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6b0a\u884c\u653f\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff0c\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u884c\u653f\u6df7\u4e82\u7684\u5c40\u9762\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u9996\u6b21\u5411\u516c\u52d9\u54e1\u548c\u6cd5\u5b98\u5b9a\u984d\u767c\u85aa\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u8150\u6557\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6709\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8a2d\u7f6e\u7955\u5bc6\u8b66\u5bdf\uff0c\u4e26\u6539\u9769\u7a05\u5236\u3002\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u4e8c\u4e16\u70ba\u4e86\u63d0\u9ad8\u884c\u653f\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5730\u5340\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6377\u514b\u3001\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u7b49\u5730\uff09\u5b98\u50da\u6539\u7528\u5fb7\u8a9e\uff0c\u99ac\u4e0a\u5f15\u8d77\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8cb4\u65cf\u3001\u6559\u6703\u4e0d\u6eff\u3002\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u541b\u4e3b\u570b\u8d70\u5411\u5b98\u50da\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6642\u4ee3\uff1b\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u5f8c\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u5c07\u8207\u9019\u500b\u5b98\u50da\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9b25\u722d\uff1b\u4f46\u5141\u8a31\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u6709\u6548\u9032\u884c\u7ba1\u6cbb\u7684\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u738b\u671d\u6240\u907a\u7559\u7684\u884c\u653f\u57fa\u790e\u3002<\/p><div><br><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1acdb42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1acdb42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"843\" src=\"https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/9EMwjuvy3ybjaIs4-TG6NijcXWUylVTFIYy6RiGMukY-777x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/9EMwjuvy3ybjaIs4-TG6NijcXWUylVTFIYy6RiGMukY-777x1024.jpg 777w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/9EMwjuvy3ybjaIs4-TG6NijcXWUylVTFIYy6RiGMukY-600x791.jpg 600w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/9EMwjuvy3ybjaIs4-TG6NijcXWUylVTFIYy6RiGMukY-228x300.jpg 228w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/9EMwjuvy3ybjaIs4-TG6NijcXWUylVTFIYy6RiGMukY-768x1012.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/9EMwjuvy3ybjaIs4-TG6NijcXWUylVTFIYy6RiGMukY-1166x1536.jpg 1166w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/9EMwjuvy3ybjaIs4-TG6NijcXWUylVTFIYy6RiGMukY-1554x2048.jpg 1554w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/9EMwjuvy3ybjaIs4-TG6NijcXWUylVTFIYy6RiGMukY-9x12.jpg 9w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/9EMwjuvy3ybjaIs4-TG6NijcXWUylVTFIYy6RiGMukY.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c484a64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c484a64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: 'Microsoft JhengHei'; font-size: 16px;\">\u746a\u9e97\u4e9e\u00b7\u6cf0\u745e\u838e\u4e4b\u5b50\u3001\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u5967\u5730\u5229\u5927\u516c\u548c\u795e\u8056\u7f85\u99ac\u5e1d\u570b\u7687\u5e1d\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u4e8c\u4e16\uff08Joseph II\uff09\u3002\uff08\u7db2\u7d61\u5716\u7247\uff09<\/p><p style=\"margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: 'Microsoft JhengHei'; font-size: 16px;\">1809-13\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u62ff\u7834\u5d19\u6d3e\u5175\u6771\u9032\uff0c\u7d71\u6cbb\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u6771\u90e8\u6cbf\u6d77\u5730\u5340\uff0c\u4f46\u4e26\u672a\u8d85\u8d8a\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u8207\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u5728\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u7684\u908a\u5883\uff0c\u6230\u5f8c\u9019\u4e9b\u5730\u5340\u53c8\u5fa9\u6b78\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u7d71\u6cbb\u30021848\u5e74\uff0c\u6b50\u6d32\u591a\u570b\u767c\u751f\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5f71\u97ff\u6cd5\u570b\u3001\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5404\u570b\u3001\u4e39\u9ea5\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u548c\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u3001\u6ce2\u862d\u3001\u6377\u514b\u3001\u7f85\u99ac\u5c3c\u4e9e\u3001\u70cf\u514b\u862d\u7b49\u5730\u3002\u525b\u5728\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u5f9e\u5967\u5730\u5229\u7372\u53d6\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u653f\u6b0a\u570b\u6703\u4e0b\u4ee4\uff0c\u5404\u65cf\u4eba\u6c11\u5982\u8981\u6210\u70ba\u5308\u7259\u5229\u570b\u6c11\uff0c\u4fbf\u9700\u8981\u8b1b\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8a9e\u3002\u9019\u99ac\u4e0a\u5f15\u8d77\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u4eba\u7684\u4e0d\u6eff\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5167\u90e8\u5be6\u73fe\u81ea\u6cbb\uff1b\u7f85\u99ac\u5c3c\u4e9e\u4eba\u548c\u585e\u723e\u7dad\u4e9e\u4eba\u90fd\u76f8\u7e7c\u63d0\u51fa\u8a9e\u8a00\u548c\u884c\u653f\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u53e3\u865f\uff0c\u4f7f\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7576\u5c40\u5927\u70ba\u60f1\u706b\u3002\u585e\u723e\u7dad\u4e9e\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u65bc\u662f\u8d77\u7fa9\u3002\uff08Judson, 2016\uff09\u5728\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\uff0c\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u8b70\u6703\uff08Sabor\uff09\u9078\u51fa\u66fe\u5728\u8207\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u6230\u9b25\u4e2d\u7acb\u4e0b\u6230\u529f\u7684\u5c11\u5c07\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u2027\u8036\u62c9\u897f\u5947\u4f2f\u7235\uff08Josip Jela\u010di\u0107\uff09\u70ba\u7e3d\u7763\uff0c\u4f46\u8036\u62c9\u897f\u5947\u70ba\u4e86\u8a0e\u597d\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u7dad\u4e5f\u7d0d\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u6d3e\u5175\u93ae\u58d3\u4e86\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7684\u9769\u547d\u653f\u6b0a\u3002\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u738b\u671d\u5f97\u5230\u633d\u6551\uff0c\u8036\u62c9\u897f\u5947\u4e5f\u65bc1859\u5e74\u5728\u4efb\u7e3d\u7763\u671f\u9593\u901d\u4e16\u3002\u597d\u666f\u4e0d\u5e38\uff0c1859\u5e74\uff0c\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u541b\u4e3b\u570b\u5728\u5176\u610f\u5927\u5229\u9818\u5730\u6230\u6557\u65bc\u6cd5\u8ecd\u548c\u6cd5\u570b\u652f\u6301\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7368\u7acb\u8ecd\u624b\u4e0a\uff0c1866\u5e74\u8207\u666e\u9b6f\u58eb\u6230\u9b25\u4e2d\u53c8\u6158\u6557\uff0c\u738b\u671d\u9762\u81e8\u5d29\u6f70\uff0c\u53ea\u597d\u8207\u5308\u7259\u5229\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u59a5\u5354\uff0c\u57281867\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u5967\u5308\u5e1d\u570b\uff0c\u6062\u5fa9\u5308\u7259\u5229\u738b\u570b\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff1b\u5967\u5730\u5229\u3001\u5308\u7259\u5229\u653f\u5e9c\u5206\u5bb6\uff0c\u5404\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8b70\u6703\u548c\u9996\u76f8\u3002\u7fcc\u5e74\u300a\u5308\u7259\u5229\u2500\u2500\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u5354\u5b9a\u300b\u751f\u6548\u3002\u6309\u7167\u898f\u5b9a\uff0c\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u7e3d\u7763\u7531\u5308\u7259\u5229\u9996\u76f8\u63a8\u85a6\uff0c\u7d93\u5308\u7259\u5229\u570b\u738b\u6279\u51c6\u4e0a\u4efb\uff0c\u4e26\u5c0d\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u8b70\u6703\u8ca0\u8cac\uff1b\u514b\u7f85\u5e1d\u4e9e\u540c\u6642\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c3\u52a0\u5308\u7259\u5229\u570b\u6703\uff0c\u4f54\u7e3d442\u5e2d\u768440\u5e2d\u3002\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u81ea\u6b64\u5be6\u73fe\u6709\u9650\u5ea6\u81ea\u6cbb\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eec0771 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"eec0771\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"886\" src=\"https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/\u5c11\u5c07\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u2022-\u8036\u62c9\u897f\u5947\u4f2f\u7235\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09-scaled-740x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/\u5c11\u5c07\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u2022-\u8036\u62c9\u897f\u5947\u4f2f\u7235\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09-scaled-740x1024.jpg 740w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/\u5c11\u5c07\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u2022-\u8036\u62c9\u897f\u5947\u4f2f\u7235\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09-scaled-600x830.jpg 600w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/\u5c11\u5c07\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u2022-\u8036\u62c9\u897f\u5947\u4f2f\u7235\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09-scaled-217x300.jpg 217w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/\u5c11\u5c07\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u2022-\u8036\u62c9\u897f\u5947\u4f2f\u7235\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09-768x1062.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/\u5c11\u5c07\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u2022-\u8036\u62c9\u897f\u5947\u4f2f\u7235\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09-scaled-1111x1536.jpg 1111w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/\u5c11\u5c07\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u2022-\u8036\u62c9\u897f\u5947\u4f2f\u7235\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09-scaled-1481x2048.jpg 1481w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/\u5c11\u5c07\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u2022-\u8036\u62c9\u897f\u5947\u4f2f\u7235\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09-scaled-9x12.jpg 9w, https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/\u5c11\u5c07\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u2022-\u8036\u62c9\u897f\u5947\u4f2f\u7235\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09-scaled.jpg 1851w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c07f7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c07f7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: 'Microsoft JhengHei'; font-size: 16px;\">\u5c11\u5c07\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u2022 \u8036\u62c9\u897f\u5947\u4f2f\u7235\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09<\/p><p style=\"margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: 'Microsoft JhengHei'; font-size: 16px;\">\u5728\u5df4\u723e\u5e79\u5404\u570b\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6b77\u53f2\u89c0\u9ede\u4e2d\uff0c\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u7d93\u5e38\u88ab\u6307\u8981\u8ca0\u4e0a\u4f7f\u5df4\u723e\u5e79\u5730\u5340\u6587\u5316\u793e\u6703\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5012\u9000\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5b83\u963b\u7919\u5df4\u723e\u5e79\u5730\u5340\u8fce\u63a5\u4e00\u6d77\u4e4b\u9694\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u767c\u751f\u7684\u6587\u85dd\u5fa9\u8208\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u3001\u79d1\u7d22\u6c83\u7b49\u5730\u80a9\u8ca0\u6c89\u91cd\u7684\u300c\u843d\u5f8c\u5305\u88b1\u300d\u3002\u800c\u5728\u4e8c\u6230\u5f8c\u7684\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53f2\u89c0\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u8b49\u660e\u5171\u7522\u653f\u6b0a\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u767c\u5c55\u8ca2\u737b\u826f\u591a\uff0c\u9435\u6258\u7b49\u4eba\u4e5f\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5f37\u8abf\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u843d\u5f8c\u6027\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u8207\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53f2\u89c0\u91cd\u5408\u3002\uff08Todorova, 1996\uff09\u751a\u81f3\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u6700\u5148\u9032\u3001\u6700\u5305\u5bb9\u7684\u300c\u7c73\u5229\u7279\u300d\uff08\u65cf\u7fa4\u81ea\u6cbb\uff09\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5141\u8a31\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u4eba\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0d\u540c\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u6307\u963b\u7919\u4e86\u5df4\u723e\u5e79\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u540c\u8cea\u5316\u3002\uff08Rusinow, 1996\uff09\u5176\u5be6\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u7684\u7ba1\u6cbb\u4e26\u4e0d\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u53cd\u52d5\u3002\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5f37\u5236\u4eba\u6c11\u6539\u4fe1\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u6559\uff0c\u8607\u4e39\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u4e8c\u4e16\uff08Mehmet II\uff09\u4e5f\u57281463\u5e74\u4e0b\u4ee4\u4fdd\u8b77\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u7684\u7f85\u99ac\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6703\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6539\u4fe1\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u6559\u9084\u662f\u6703\u5e36\u4f86\u4e00\u4e9b\u984d\u5916\u6b0a\u76ca\u3002\u5728\u62dc\u5360\u5ef7\u4ea1\u570b\u5f8c\uff0c\u6771\u6b63\u6559\u4e00\u76f4\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7f85\u99ac\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u822c\u7684\u9f90\u5927\u8cc7\u6e90\u548c\u6307\u63ee\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\uff0c\u6771\u6b63\u6559\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u4eba\u6539\u4fe1\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u6559\u7684\u6bd4\u7387\u5c31\u5f88\u9ad8\u3002\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u6559\u5f92\u8fc5\u901f\u6210\u70ba\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u57ce\u5e02\u4e3b\u8981\u4eba\u53e3\u30021520-30\u5e74\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u85a9\u62c9\u71b1\u7aa9\u5e02\u51671024\u6236\u4e2d\u5168\u6578\u70ba\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u6559\u5f92\u3002\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u4eba\u6210\u70ba\u7576\u5730\u7d71\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\uff0c\u56b4\u5b88\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u9577\u5e74\u963b\u6b62\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u8607\u4e39\u7684\u6b3d\u5dee\u5927\u81e3\u5728\u85a9\u62c9\u71b1\u7aa9\u8fa6\u516c\uff0c\u53c8\u5750\u64c1\u5927\u91cf\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u4e26\u8058\u7528\u6771\u6b63\u6559\u3001\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u70ba\u96c7\u8fb2\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b97\u6559\u5206\u91ce\u8207\u968e\u7d1a\u754c\u7dda\u91cd\u758a\u3002\uff08Rusinow, 1996\uff09\u4f46\u8207\u6b50\u6d32\u4e2d\u53e4\u570b\u5bb6\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u4e0b\u7684\u96c7\u8fb2\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8fb2\u5974\u3002\uff08Todorova, 1996\uff09\u55ae\u662f\u9019\u9ede\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u6bd4\u4e2d\u53e4\u6642\u671f\u6b50\u6d32\u4e3b\u8981\u570b\u5bb6\u4f86\u5f97\u9032\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdea2d6 elementor-arrows-position-inside elementor-pagination-position-outside elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-carousel\" data-id=\"cdea2d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;slides_to_show&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;navigation&quot;:&quot;both&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:5000,&quot;infinite&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;effect&quot;:&quot;slide&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"image-carousel.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel-wrapper swiper-container\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel swiper-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/HZzWW6v3OI0MOGEzftDqD6NIJ5bsq9XQRWRiX0VkYl8-845x1024.jpg\" alt=\"HZzWW6v3OI0MOGEzftDqD6NIJ5bsq9XQRWRiX0VkYl8\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/oOGKRP4AkTad-G7-XRweM9VwUsiNA8CmJz92Sic_dko-749x1024.jpg\" alt=\"oOGKRP4AkTad-G7-XRweM9VwUsiNA8CmJz92Sic_dko\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/hafarts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/xcmuXREVv99tSJXmfNtzy2cPMBOkUvD8pUYpwaVGKcE-1024x686.jpg\" alt=\"xcmuXREVv99tSJXmfNtzy2cPMBOkUvD8pUYpwaVGKcE\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-chevron-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">\u4e0a\u4e00\u9875<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-chevron-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">\u4e0b\u4e00\u9875<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8ad4ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8ad4ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; text-align: justify; color: #000000; font-family: 'Microsoft JhengHei'; font-size: 16px;\">1878\u5e74\uff0c\u5967\u5308\u5e1d\u570b\u8d81\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u8207\u4fc4\u570b\u4ea4\u6230\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u8d77\u7fa9\uff0c\u6d3e\u5175\u4f54\u9818\u7576\u5730\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u5176\u8996\u70ba\u5967\u5308\u5e1d\u570b\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u3002\u5967\u5308\u5e1d\u570b\u63a8\u52d5\u300c\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u6c11\u65cf\u300d\u8eab\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5c11\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e5f\u5728\u514b\u7f85\u5730\u4e9e\u85a9\u683c\u52d2\u5e03\uff08Zagreb\uff09\u6216\u7dad\u4e5f\u7d0d\u7559\u5b78\uff0c\u4e26\u63a8\u52d5\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u6587\u5316\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u3002\uff08Rusinow, 1996\uff09\u70ba\u4e86\u58d3\u5236\u6cdb\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u6c11\u65cf\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u4e26\u6d88\u9664\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u5728\u7acb\u61b2\u9769\u547d\u5f8c\u6536\u56de\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\uff0c\u5967\u5308\u5e1d\u570b\u57281908\u5e74\u5ba3\u5e03\u6b63\u5f0f\u5408\u4f75\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u30021910\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u9812\u5e03\u61b2\u6cd5\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u8b70\u6703\u3002\u7576\u6642\u5967\u5308\u5e1d\u570b\u592a\u5b50\u5f17\u6717\u8328\u00b7\u6590\u8fea\u5357\u5927\u516c\uff08Archduke Franz Ferdinand\uff09\u5c0d\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u4eba\u5bcc\u6709\u540c\u60c5\uff0c\u919e\u91c0\u5c07\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u8b8a\u6210\u5967\u5308\u5e1d\u570b\u5167\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u500b\u300c\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u738b\u570b\u300d\u3002\uff08Judson, 2016\uff09\u7136\u800c\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u963b\u6b62\u4ed6\u548c\u592b\u4eba\u8607\u83f2\u57281914\u5e746\u670828\u65e5\u65bc\u85a9\u62c9\u71b1\u7aa9\u906d\u5230\u6697\u6bba\uff0c\u5176\u5e55\u5f8c\u9ed1\u624b\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7531\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9e\u548c\u585e\u723e\u7dad\u4e9e\u4eba\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u7d71\u4e00\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7d44\u7e54\u300c\u9ed1\u624b\u9ee8\u300d\uff08Black Hands\uff09\u3002\u96a8\u5f8c\u5967\u5308\u5e1d\u570b\u5411\u585e\u723e\u7dad\u4e9e\u738b\u570b\u5ba3\u6230\uff0c\u6b50\u6d32\u5404\u570b\u52a0\u5165\u6230\u5718\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u7206\u767c\u3002\u8981\u70ba\u523a\u6bba\u6848\u8ca0\u4e0a\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u6cdb\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u840c\u82bd\u65bc\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\uff0c\u6210\u578b\u65bc1848\u5e74\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u5728\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u8209\u884c\u7684\u300c\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u5927\u6703\u300d\uff08Slavic Congress\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5f8c\u6cdb\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u904b\u52d5\u4ee5\u5404\u7a2e\u578b\u614b\u51fa\u73fe\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u541b\u4e3b\u570b\u5404\u5730\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u63d0\u5021\u9ad4\u80b2\u548c\u6b66\u88dd\u81ea\u885b\u7684\u5236\u670d\u5718\u9ad4\u300c\u7d22\u79d1\u723e\u300d\uff08Sokol\uff0c\u96bc\u9ce5\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u6703\u6b4c \u300c\u55e8\uff0c\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u4eba\uff01\u300d\uff08Hey, 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